匈奴的起源，语言及早期历史

蓝天雄鹰

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Xiongnu
The original geographic location of Xiongnu is generally placed at the Ordos. According to Sima Qian, the Xiongnu were descendants of Chunwei (淳維), possibly a son of Jie, the final ruler of the Xia Dynasty. However, while there is no direct evidence contradicting this account, there is no direct evidence supporting it either.


The language of the Xiongnu reflects without any scholarly consensus, based on the analysis between early 19th century to 20th century different opinions were proposed; proponents of the Turkic languages included Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, Julius Klaproth, Shiratori Kurakichi, Gustaf John Ramstedt, Annemarie von Gabain and Omeljan Pritsak, while others; like Paul Pelliot insisted a Mongolic origin; Albert Terrien de Lacouperie considered them to be multi component groups.[3]


Lajos Ligeti was the first to suggest that the Xiongnu spoke a Yeniseian language. In the early 1960s Edwin Pulleyblank was the first to expand upon this idea with credible evidence. In 2000, Alexander Vovin reanalyzed Pulleyblank's argument and found further support for it by utilizing the most recent reconstruction of Old Chinese phonology by Starostin and Baxter and a single Chinese transcription of a sentence in the language of the Jie (a member tribe of the Xiongnu confederacy). Previous Turkic interpretations of the aforementioned sentence do not match the Chinese translation as precisely as using Yeniseian grammar.[4]


Recent genetics research dated 2003[5] confirms the studies[6] indicating that the Turkic peoples,[7] originated from the same area and therefore are possibly related.


The rock art of the Yinshan and Helanshan is dated from the 9th millennium BC to 19th century. It consists mainly of engraved signs (petroglyphs) and only minimally of painted images.[8] Ma Liqing compared the petroglyphs (which he presumed to be the sole extant example of possible Xiongnu writings), and the Orkhon script (the earliest known Turkic alphabet) recently, and argued a new connection between both of them.[9]


Excavations conducted between 1924-1925, in Noin-Ula kurgans located in Selenga River in the northern Mongolian hills north of Ulan Bator, produced objects with over twenty carved characters, which were either identical or very similar to that of to the runic letters of the Turkic Orkhon script discovered in the Orkhon Valley.[10]

0477

近数十年来国内外考古学者在漠北的诺颜山、内蒙古及其他地区发掘上百个匈奴墓葬，出土的属于公元前3世纪以前及以后的大批铁器，包括兵器（铁刀、铁剑、铁镞），生产工具（铁镞、铁铧）和生活用具（铁马嚼、铁环、铁片、铁钉），以及铁块、铸铁的模型与炼铁炉等。证明匈奴族约公元前3世纪在大漠南北兴起的时候，物质文化已开始进入铁器时代。铁器文化使匈奴社会的生产力迈进到一个崭新的历史阶段，不仅畜牧业大为繁盛，而且还推动了手工业的发展。

匈奴人的经济生活，以畜牧业为主。逐水草迁徙，过着游牧的生活，住穹庐（毡制帐幕），食畜肉，饮潼酪（牲畜乳制的乳浆），衣皮革，被毡裘。狩猎业和农业居于次要的地位。手工业中最重要的是冶铁业，其次是铸铜业和陶器制造业（匈奴墓葬出土了大批的铜器和陶器）。此外，匈奴人经常与汉人互通"关市"。
http://www.chinage.net/Art/2003/06/17/Article_200306172947_2.htm

0477

北票喇嘛洞慕容鲜卑墓地其中16座墓葬中出土432多件器物，铁器约占总数42%，其比重之大不可小觑，对一个经济一直相对落后的北方少数民族，这些铁器普遍使用很难用仅以掠夺和在边陲贸易解释，而且铁器形制多具有汉代特点经鉴定铁器材质和制作工艺上明显受到了秦汉以来中原地区发达的钢铁冶铸和锻造技术的影响，也证实了慕容鲜卑向中原学习制铁技术的记载。铁制兵器、马具和工具及生活用器的大量出土表明，前燕建立以后铁器使用已普及到慕容鲜卑社会的军事、经济和生活等各个方面。显然，这是慕容鲜卑十六国林立，诸强纷争的历史条件下得以迅速崛起，称雄北方的一个重要因素。

0477

今年希望力量集中在，冶金，考古，人类体质学，游牧人的形成，人地关系，地理气候的变迁对游牧人的影响！

0477

蒙古近代史，人文史，思想变迁等！

希望在这里能剖析一些问题！

特别是对今天的蒙古人能有启迪作用的！

德飘

0477人太好了，帮蓝天姐姐顶帖子

蓝天雄鹰

0477人太好了，帮蓝天姐姐顶帖子
德飘 发表于 2008-12-22 17:37

晕倒，人参公鸡